Economic issues, risk factors, and litigation / Marco Brayda-Bruno -- Decision making and flag systems / Gustavo Zanoli -- The supremacy of the clinical evaluation / Roberto Chapa Sosa and Neil N. Patel -- Imaging in back pain / Alberto Zerbi -- Myth and reality of sacroiliac joint pathology / Kristen E. Jones and David W. Polly, Jr. -- State of the art of biology, genetics, and mechanics of the disk / Mauro Alini, Sibylle Grad, Hans-Joachim Wilke, Fabio Galbusera, and Alessandra Colombini -- Neurologic back pain : myopathies, neuromuscular disease, Parkinson, and dystonia / Asdrubal Falavigna and Carlo Domenico Marrone -- Back pain in children and adolescents / Katherine M. Schroeder, Erica E. Gonzalez, and John P. Dormans -- Back pain in adults / Max Aebi -- Back pain in spinal infections / Rishi Mugesh Kanna, Ajoy Prasad Shetty, Emiliano Vialle, and Shanmuganathan Rajasekaran -- Conservative treatment : drugs, physiotherapy, and alternative medicine / Christopher C. Ornelas and Mona Zall -- Outcome evaluation in back pain patients / Martin H. Pham, Andre M. Jakoi, Neil N. Patel, and Jeffrey C. Wang -- Role of minimally invasive surgery in back pain for degenerative spine / Roberto Bassani and Elena Serchi -- Back pain and sagittal alignment / Pedro Berjano -- Patients with multiple surgeries / Claudio Lamartina and Carlotta Martini -- Chronic back pain, failed surgery, and what to do when all options are exhausted / Lawrence G. Lenke.